Abstract Soil and water bioengineering (SWBE) is a feasible, economical and ecologically friendly alternative to restore the riparian forest areas affected by the Brumadinho mining tailings dam rupture. We evaluated the vegetative propagation capacity by cuttings and initial development of nine native riparian species of the Paraobepa River for use in SWBE techniques. From the results it is possible to separate the species into two distinct groups, namely those that can resprout and produce roots from their cuttings (group 1: Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl., Croton urucurana Baill., Gymnanthes schottiana Müll.Arg., Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. and Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Poir.) and are suitable for use as live cuttings in SWBE techniques; and those which were only able to produce shoots (group 2: Casearia decandra Jacq., Chrysophyllum marginatum (Hook. & Arn.) Radlk., Inga vera Willd. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi) and should only be used in seedling form to increase the diversity of the interventions.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate plant cover and dry mass produced by green manures and their influence on the chemical attributes of soil for the ecological restoration of an area around bauxite mine environment in Southeast Brazil. Soil preparation, chemical fertilization and sowing of three species of green manures were carried out: Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea and Stylosanthes guianensis. In general, C. cajan and C. juncea showed the best performance in plant cover. C. cajan and S. guianensis produced more phytomass. Green manures were efficient to promote rapid plant cover and increase in soil organic matter and total-N contents in all treatments. Therefore, green manure is a viable alternative that contributes to the success of ecological restoration projects in areas in the bauxite mining environment. Brazil preparation out general C S phytomass totalN total N treatments Therefore

Resumen Introducción: El banco de semillas en el suelo es uno de los indicadores ecológicos más importantes para la evaluación y monitoreo de recuperación de ecosistemas degradados. Así mismo, actualmente indicadores ecológicos de restauración son usados en áreas afectadas por la ruptura de la represa de relaves de Fundão en Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Objetivo: En este estudio se evaluó la variación de la riqueza, composición de especies, densidad y parámetros fitosociológicos del banco de semillas en dos profundidades de relaves mineros en Mariana, municipio de Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Se recolectaron 15 muestras por nivel de profundidad, en la capa superior (Profundidad1, P1 = 0-2.5 cm) y capa inferior (Profundidad2, P2 = 2.5-5.0 cm) del relave de minería para examinar el banco de semillas viable, que luego se colocó en un invernadero para la germinación. Posteriormente se contaron e identificaron semanalmente todos los individuos de cada especie durante un período de seis meses. Resultados: Se demostró que existe un banco de semillas en las capas superficiales de relaves mineros acumulados en las áreas afectadas de Mariana, con una marcada diferencia entre profundidades en términos de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos. Se observó una mayor riqueza y número de individuos en P1, (1 165 semillas germinadas), pertenecientes a 18 familias y 47 especies, en comparación a P2 (197 individuos), pertenecientes a 12 familias y 23 especies. El banco de semillas de la capa P1 está influenciado por la lluvia de semillas del bosque cercano. Por otro lado, el banco de semillas de P2, puede ser característico de los relaves mineros. Conclusiones: El banco de semillas estudiado puede tener efectos positivos sobre la recuperación en el área de estudio, debido a la alta proporción de especies nativas, pioneras y anemocóricas típicas de etapas iniciales de sucesión secundaria.

Abstract Introduction: The soil seed bank is one of the most important ecological indicators for evaluating and monitoring the resilience of degraded ecosystems. Likewise, ecological restoration indicators are currently used in areas affected by the rupture of the Fundão tailings dam in Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the seed bank at two depths of areas affected by mining tailings, Mariana municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: 15 samples (40 × 40 cm) were collected per level of depth, in the upper layer (Depth1, P1 = 0-2.5 cm), and lower layer (Depth2, P2 = 2.5-5.0 cm) of the mining tailings to survey the viable seed bank, which was later placed in a greenhouse for germination and seedling identification. The samples were placed in plastic trays to germinate in the nursery, then counted and identified weekly for six months. Results: The results showed that there is a seed bank in the surface layers of accumulated mining tailings in the affected areas of Mariana, with a marked difference between depths in terms of species richness and density of individuals. Higher species richness and number of individuals were observed in P1, (1 165 germinated seeds), belonging to 18 families and 47 species, in comparison to P2 (197 individuals), belonging to 12 families and 23 species. Probably the seed bank of layer P1 is influenced by the rain of seeds from the nearby forest. On the other hand, the P2 seed bank can be characteristic of mining tailings. Conclusions: Seed bank patterns can have positive effects on forest resilience at the local-scale, due to the high proportion of native, pioneer and anemochorical species of early successional stages.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity as bioindicators of litter arthropodofauna in pasture restoration in the Atlantic Forest Biome. Areas of native forest under natural regeneration, and pastures treated with different ecological restoration techniques were evaluated, with pitfall traps. The sampling period was from April/2017 to October/2018, bimonthly. Families Ptiliidae, Staphylinidae, and Leiodidae, species Pheidole cf. sarcina (Formicidae) and Mastigoceras sp. 1 and Szeptyckitheca sp. 1 (Collembola) were indicators of well-conserved areas, whereas families Cicadellidae and Delphacidae, Formicidae species Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) and Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894 were indicators of degraded areas. From the springtail community, species richness is a metric that can be used as a bioindicator. It was observed that all taxonomic identification levels allowed for the differentiation of the environmental conditions of the sampling areas, with less specific identification levels, such as family, possibly indicating changes in areas under the restoration process.

Abstract The aim of this study is to characterize the perceptions and interests of farmers related to the adoption of agroforestry systems (AFS) for restoration of Fibria Celulose S.A.’s Legal Reserves (LRs), with the production of food and non-timber forest products. Twenty farmers were interviewed in the community of São Geraldo (São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil), who participated in the social projects led by the company in the community. With this, it was possible to trace the profile of farmers and farms, their knowledge of environmental suitability, and interest in the adoption of AFS. Most farmers did not have information about AFS and the possibility of its use in LR. After being educated on the opportunities established in the Brazilian Forestry Law, 12 of the interviewed farmers expressed interest in adopting AFS to restore LR, considering the potential benefits to the diversification of income, water, soil, and biodiversity conservation. Finally, it was also possible to identify species of interest by farmers for AFS composition in LRs.

ABSTRACT The current study aims to characterize the soil seed banks in a forest under restoration and in a seasonal semideciduous forest remnant, as well as to quantitatively and qualitatively compare them in order to evaluate the seed bank potential to influence the restoration process. In total, 60 samples of soil seed banks were collected in two adjacent forests (30 in a 2.18-ha forest undergoing restoration process based on the planting of seedlings belonging to different tree species, after the forest was subjected to bauxite mining activity; and 30 in a 5.30-ha preserved forest fragment). The soil seed bank of the forest undergoing restoration recorded higher density of emerged seedlings than that of the reference ecosystem. Although the shrub-tree species in the investigated forests lacked floristic similarity, the highly similar dispersal syndrome distribution and the successional category of shrub-tree species in them have indicated that both forests underwent ecological processes. Therefore, the restoration process implemented in the mined area has successfully recovered the soil seed bank after a few years.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar e correlacionar dados do banco de sementes do solo e do dossel (abertura de dossel-% Canopy Openness e índice de área foliar-IAF) em uma área minerada em processo de restauração por regeneração natural. A área de estudo localiza-se na Zona da Mata Mineira, que apresenta predomínio de Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais, e possui área de 0.50 ha em processo de regeneração natural após 6 anos da exploração de bauxita (sem nenhuma intervenção). Foram plotadas 10 parcelas de 45x29cm ao longo da área, distribuídas de forma a representar toda a porção em processo de restauração. Nestas parcelas foram avaliadas a diversidade do banco de sementes e as características de dossel, estas últimas coletadas através de uma câmera fotográfica NIKON D40X com lente de 8 mm (fisheye). Como resultados foram encontrados 8.280 indivíduos arbóreos, arbustivos, herbáceos e trepadeiras, totalizando 51 espécies e 24 famílias botânicas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H’) foi 2,770 e a equabilidade (J) foi 0,705, demonstrando assim uma média diversidade florística desta área, com densidade de 2.114,94 sementes germinadas m-². Através da análise do banco de sementes verificou-se a presença de espécies exóticas na área (23,5%), domínio de espécies pioneiras (68,6%), assim como a predominância de espécies dispersas por anemocoria (52,9%). Quanto às características do dossel, verificou-se uma grande variação existente em diferentes pontos da área, podendo também ser identificado certos padrões de existência de determinadas espécies herbáceas em função da abertura do dossel (menor cobertura vegetal/clareiras), bem como em função da proximidade espacial entre as parcelas plotadas, comprovando assim a alta correlação entre estas duas variáveis e sua importância no processo de restauração florestal.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate and correlate information about soil seed bank and canopy (%Canopy Openness and Leaf area index-LAI) in a mined area in restoration process through natural regeneration. The study area is located in Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, which presents predominance of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, and has an area of 0.5 ha in process of natural regeneration after six years of bauxite exploitation (without any intervention). Along the area, ten plots of 45x29cm were allocated and distributed in the best way to represent the whole area in restoration process. Seed bank diversity and canopy characteristics were evaluated in these plots, the last one using a NIKON D40X photographic camera, with fisheye lens of 8mm. As results, 8280 individuals (tree, shrub, herbs, and vines) were found, totaling 51 species and 24 botanical families. The Shannon diversity index (H’) was 2.770, and the equability (J) was 0.705, which demonstrate an average diversity in this area, with a density of 2114.94 germinated seeds m-2. Through the evaluation of the seed bank, the presence of exotic species (23.5%), the dominance of the pioneer species (68.6%), as well as high dispersal by wind (52.9%) were verified in the area. According to canopy characteristics, a significant variation between different points/regions within the study area was found, while patterns of existence of certain herbs as a function of canopy openness (lower vegetal cover/clearings) were also identified, as well as in response to spatial proximity between the allocated plots, confirming the high correlation between these two variables and their importance in the process of forest restoration.

ABSTRACT Alteration of a natural ecosystem can physically, chemically and biologically affect a determined area. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relation between the hydrology, soils and vegetation existing in an area changed by the implantation of a Hydroeletric Power Plant (HPP) in the municipality of Roque Gonzales, Rio Grande do Sul state. The study area was composed of three samples located downstream of the dam. This analysis was performed by the points method to verify the existence of similarity patterns between the vegetation, inundation levels and edaphic soil characteristics of each sample. As a result, greater floristic similarity was observed between the species as a relation of the spatial location with inundation levels. Thus, we can conclude that the vegetal establishment in the study area is under the direct influence of waterflow variation levels from the HPP, which contributes to defining species adaptability to these specific conditions, among others.

RESUMO O fogo é um dos principais problemas do bioma Mata Atlântica, mesmo em áreas protegidas, como as Unidades de Conservação (UCs). Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o perfil dos incêndios florestais no Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB) e entorno, bem como suas respostas frente às variações ambientais. Para isto, foram analisadas as informações dos Registros de Ocorrências de Incêndios (ROIs) e suas inter-relações com os sistemas ambientais do PESB, por meio das análises dos planos espaciais (uso e cobertura do solo e relevo) e temporais (elementos climatológicos). De acordo com os resultados, 38% dos registros apresentaram as causas dos incêndios, destas, 77% foram identificadas como antrópicas. Analisando-se a área queimada, observou-se o maior número de ocorrências dentro da classe III (4,1 - 40,0 ha). A vegetação herbácea, por conta de suas características favoráveis, foi a mais atingida. O relevo também influenciou as ocorrências, a declividade, exposição das vertentes e altitude participaram significativamente do regime de incêndios no parque. A atividade antrópica mostrou sua influência com o aumento do tamanho da área queimada nas proximidades de vias de acesso (trilhas e estradas). Já o clima controlou a disposição temporal das ocorrências, no qual períodos de menor umidade relativa do ar tornaram os meses de agosto e setembro como os pertencentes à estação normal de perigo de incêndios e a precipitação acumulada determinou os anos mais problemáticos. Os resultados aqui apresentados fornecerão informações para subsidiar a tomada de decisões de forma mais segura e confiável na prevenção das ocorrências de incêndios florestais no PESB e entorno, visto que contribuem com um melhor entendimento dos fatores que controlam as ocorrências de incêndios na região.

ABSTRACT Fire is one of the main problems of the Atlantic Rainforest biome, even in protected areas such as Protected Areas (PAs or UC, in Portuguese). Thus, the aim of this study was to know the profile of forest fires in the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB-MG) and surroundings, as well as their responses in environmental variations. For this, we analyzed the information of Fire Incident Report (FIR or ROI, in Portuguese) and their interrelations with the environmental PESB systems through the analysis of spatial plans (land use and land cover and topography) and temporal (climatological elements). According to the results, only 38% of the records showed the causes of fires, of these, 77% were identified as anthropic. Analyzing the burned area, there was the highest number of occurrences within the class III (4.1 - 40.0 ha). The herbaceous vegetation, because of their favorable characteristics, was hardest hit. The relief also influenced the events, slope, aspect and height participated significantly in the fire regime in the Park. The anthropic activity showed its influence to increase the size of the area burned in the vicinity of access routes. The climate controlled the temporal arrangement of events, where periods of lower Relative humidity of air, made the months of August and September as belonging to the normal fire season and accumulated rainfall determined the most problematic years. The results presented here provide information to support the making of more safe and reliable decisions in the prevention of forest fire occurrences in PESB and surroundings, as they contribute to a better understanding of the factors that control the fire occurrences in the region.

RESUMO Ainda que os inselbergs ao redor do mundo sejam ecossistemas icônicos, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos subjacentes que estruturam suas comunidades vegetais, especialmente nas manchas de vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos. Espera-se que as restrições ambientais causem agrupamento filogenético quando os nichos ecológicos são conservados dentro das linhagens evolutivas. Nós testamos se as manchas de vegetação dos afloramentos rochosos do Monumento Natural Piedra La Tortuga, no norte da região amazônica, apresentam indicadores filogenéticos de que a filtragem ambiental é o principal direcionador da estruturação da comunidade. Classificamos todas as manchas de acordo com seu tamanho como muito pequenas (<1 m2), pequenas (1-4 m2), médias (4-8 m2) e grandes (8-15 m2). Selecionamos aleatoriamente 10 manchas em cada classe de tamanho, totalizando 40 manchas cobrindo 226 m2. Todos os indivíduos encontrados nas 40 manchas foram identificados ao nível de espécie. Correlacionamos as medidas da estrutura filogenética da comunidade com o tamanho das manchas e encontramos que as espécies das manchas são restritas aos clados das monocotiledôneas, fabídeas, malvídeas e lamiídeas. Concluímos que a vegetação neste afloramento rochoso é agrupada filogeneticamente. Além disso, encontramos que o turnover filogenético entre pares de manchas aumenta com o tamanho da mancha, o que é consistente com um cenário de alto estresse ambiental nas manchas menores. São necessárias mais pesquisas para identificar espécies facilitadoras, que são fundamentais para a conservação e restauração destes ecossistemas.

ABSTRACT Although inselbergs from around the world are iconic ecosystems, little is known on the underlying mechanisms of community assembly, especially in their characteristic patchy outcrop vegetation. Environmental constraints are expected to cause phylogenetic clustering when ecological niches are conserved within evolutionary lineages. We tested whether vegetation patches from rock outcrops of the Piedra La Tortuga Natural Monument, in the northern Amazon region, are phylogenetically clustered, indicating that environmental filtering is the dominant driver of community assemblage therein. We classified all patches according to their size as very small (< 1 m2), small (1-4 m2), medium-sized (4-8 m2), and large patches (8-15 m2). From each class, we randomly selected 10 patches, totalizing 40 patches covering 226 m2. All individuals found in the 40 isolated patches were identified to the species level. We also correlated measurements of phylogenetic community structure with patch size. We found that species from patches are restricted to the clades monocots, fabids, malvids, and lamiids. We conclude that vegetation in this rock outcrop is phylogenetically clustered. Furthermore, we found that phylogenetic turnover between pairs of patches increases with patch size, which is consistent with a scenario of higher environmental stress in smaller patches. Further research is necessary to identify nurse species in inselberg vegetation, which is pivotal for conservation and restoration of this particular ecosystem.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a serapilheira acumulada em dois ambientes, uma floresta em processo de restauração, após a mineração de bauxita, e um ecossistema de referência (remanescente de floresta secundária em estágio médio de sucessão), e verificar a relação de variáveis ambientais (abertura de dossel, compactação do solo, regeneração natural) com o acúmulo de serapilheira em ambas florestas. Foram alocadas 30 parcelas de 2 × 2 m em cada uma das duas florestas. No centro de cada parcela coletou-se todo o material orgânico contido em amostras de 0,5 × 0,5 m para posterior obtenção da massa seca. Há dissimilaridade entre as duas florestas, em relação ao estoque de serapilheira e demais variáveis ambientais avaliadas. A floresta em restauração apresentou menor acúmulo de serapilheira que o ecossistema de referência. O maior acúmulo de serapilheira, em ambas florestas, acontece em locais com maior quantidade de indivíduos do estrato de regeneração natural e em locais que apresentam solos menos compactados.

Abstract The present study had as objective to evaluate the accumulated litter in two environments, a forest under restoration, after the bauxite mining, and a reference ecosystem (remaining secondary forest in a midsuccessional stage), and investigate the relationship between environmental variables (canopy opening, soil compaction, natural regeneration) and litter accumulation in both forests. Thirty plots of 2 × 2 m in each forest were allocated. In the center of each plot, all organic material contained in samples of 0.5 × 0.5 m was collected to obtain the dry mass. There is dissimilarity between the two forests, in relation to the litter stock and other environmental variables evaluated. The forest in restoration presents less litter accumulation than the reference ecosystem. The largest litter accumulation in both forests occurs in sites with higher number of individuals in the natural regeneration layer and in sites with lower soil compaction.

RESUMO O método ponto de escuta foi utilizado com o objetivo de avaliar a comunidade de aves em um pequeno trecho de 1 ha de floresta restaurada com mais de 40 anos de implantação, no município de Viçosa - MG. Um total de 20 pontos foi amostrado no período reprodutivo das aves no ano de 2011. Foram registrados 31 espécies de aves e 160 contatos, sendo a maioria das espécies típicas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e cinco espécies endêmicas do Bioma Mata Atlântica. No presente estudo, a presença de aves consumidora de frutos e de aves insetívoras de sub-bosque que apresentam pouca tolerância a ambientes abertos e de forte insolação, sugere a boa qualidade do habitat amostrado, confirmando que a floresta restaurada se encontra em estádio avançado de sucessão, conforme estudos anteriores. Os resultados do presente estudo também demonstram que mesmo em uma área pequena e com poucos dias de amostragens foi possível obter uma rápida caracterização da comunidade de aves e, a partir dessa composição, relacioná-la com as condições do habitat, permitindo uma avaliação segura do sucesso de um projeto de restauração florestal.

ABSTRACT The point-counts method was used to evaluate the bird community in a small patch of forest (1 ha) restored through reforestation, with more than 40 years of deployment, in Viçosa, MG state. In total, 20 points were sampled in the reproductive period of the birds, during 2011. A total of 31 bird species and 160 contacts were recorded, and all species were identified as typical from a semi-deciduous forest and included five endemic species of the Atlantic forest biome. In the present study, the presence of frugivorous and insectivorous birds in the understory with little tolerance for open environments and strong insolation, suggests the good quality of the sampled habitat, confirming that the restored forest is in an advanced stage of succession. The results of this study also demonstrate that even in a small area, and with a few days of sampling, it is possible to obtain a rapid characterization of the bird community, being possible to associate it to the habitat conditions and allowing a safe evaluation of the success of a forest restoration project.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o banco de sementes do solo em mina de bauxita restaurada dez anos após implantação do projeto de restauração. O estudo foi realizado em uma área onde ocorreu exploração de bauxita e posterior restauração florestal. Foram coletadas 40 amostras de solo superficial (0,25 × 0,30 × 0,05 m) para avaliação do banco de sementes pelo método de germinação em casa de sombra durante seis meses. Emergiram 2.489 plântulas, pertencentes a 69 espécies e 23 famílias botânicas, com densidade de 830 propágulos m–2. As famílias com maior densidade foram Poaceae e Cannabaceae. Houve maior proporção de espécies e indivíduos do grupo ecológico pioneiras e da síndrome de dispersão zoocórica. Não houve semelhança florística entre as espécies do plantio e o banco de sementes. Os resultados mostram que o banco de sementes pode fornecer aporte necessário à recuperação do ambiente após perturbações.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the soil seed bank in a restored bauxite mine ten years after the restoration project. The study was conducted in a bauxite-exploited mine, which was restored with trees. We collected 40 samples of surface soil (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.05 m) to evaluate soil seed bank by germination method in shade house for six months. Results showed that 2,489 seedlings emerged, belonging to 69 species and 23 botanical families, with a density of 830 seedlings m–2. Poaceae and Cannabaceae were the families with higher density. A larger number of species and individuals were pioneer and zoochoric species. The soil seed bank of the restored area showed no difference in plant density and floristic composition between the border and the core study area. There was no floristic similarity between planted species and the seed bank. Results showed that the seed bank was able to supply species and individuals upon germination.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi definir, através da análise da influência de fatores preditores como clima, relevo, uso do solo e influência antrópica, um mapa de risco de incêndios florestais com a utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento. De acordo com os resultados, nenhuma das classes preditoras explicou, de forma isolada, a espacialização das ocorrências. Todavia este estudo conseguiu retratar a influência dos fatores sobre as ocorrências de incêndios florestais. Os mapas gerados apresentaram satisfatória eficiência na predição de incêndios na região de estudo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to define, by analyzing the influence of predictive factors like climate, topography, land use and human influence, a risk map to forest fires with the use of GIS techniques. According to the results, none of the predictors’ classes alone explains the spatial distribution of the occurrences. However, this study was able to show the influence of factors on the occurrence of forest fires. The generated maps show satisfactory efficiency in fire prediction in the study region.

The Amazon is one of the most important tropical forests in the world, providing important goods and services to society. However, these forests are threatened by land use change. Deforestation and forest degradation are the two drivers that significantly contribute to both carbon emissions to the atmosphere and loss of biodiversity. Although there are alternatives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, there is still little research on methods for assessing and monitoring the relationship between these processes and biodiversity (REDD+), as well as the impacts generated by the socioecological system on the stability and recovery of ecosystem services. With this review, we aimed at (i) describing the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; (ii) analyzing the possible synergistic impacts of biophysical and anthropogenic predictors of deforestation; and, consequently, (iii) proposing the integrated implementation of REDD+ strategies in the Amazon basin. To increase REDD+ efficiency in the Amazon, it is essential to simultaneously evaluate the socioecological and biophysical predictors that directly affect the current and future demands for ecosystem goods and services. Accordingly, it is important to estimate the magnitude of multifactorial effects of deforestation predictors for the integration of REDD+ actions. Such estimations should be made through the rehabilitation of degraded lands with successional and permanent agroforestry systems, as well as with the application of different restoration methods.

La Amazonia es uno de los bosques tropicales más importantes del mundo, que proporcionan importante bienes y servicios a la humanidad; sin embargo, se encuentra amenazado por los continuos cambios en el uso de la tierra. La deforestación y degradación forestal son las dos razones que contribuyen significativamente con las emisiones de carbono a la atmósfera y pérdida de la biodiversidad. Aunque existen alternativas para reducir las emisiones de carbono por deforestación y degradación forestal evitadas (REDD), aún son pocas las investigaciones sobre métodos de evaluación y monitoreo de la relación de estos procesos con la biodiversidad, así como de los impactos generados por el sistema socioecológico en la estabilidad y recuperación de servicios ecosistémicos. El objetivo de esta revisión consiste en i) describir la relación biodiversidad-función ecosistémica, para ii) analizar los posibles impactos sinérgicos de predictores biofísicos y antropogénicos de la deforestación y degradación, con la finalidad de iii) proponer la implementación integral de estrategias REDD+ en la cuenca Amazónica. Para incrementar la eficiencia REDD+ en la Amazonía, es fundamental evaluar simultáneamente los predictores antropogénicos y biofísicos que repercuten directamente sobre la demanda actual de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos. Por este motivo, es importante describir la magnitud de los efectos multifactoriales que tienen los predictores de deforestación para la integración de actividades REDD+, a través de la rehabilitación de áreas degradadas con sistemas agroforestales sucesionales y permanentes, así como con la aplicación de diferentes métodos de restauración.